Displaying Bitmap images on ST7735 display from a memory card using an AVR microcontroller

This library is an extension for the ST7735 display driver library and can be used for displaying Bitmap images stored on a SD memory card on the ST7735 TFT display using an AVR microcontroller. The Bitmaps can be of 16-bit or 24-bit colors. Since the ST7735 display driver only accepts 16-bit colors, the 24-bit images will be converted to 16-bits.

Here is a short demo video:

The images must be resized first to fit the size of your display. A free and popular software for this task is Irfanview. Open the image using Irfanview then press CTRL+R, specify the new image size then save it as a .bmp and place the images on the memory card in a folder of your choice.

Library for ST7735 TFT display driver for AVR microcontrollers

There are already some libraries for the ST7735 display driver such as the one from Adafruit but made only for Arduino. I needed one for AVR microcontrollers in general, so I made this one. With a bit of twiking it could also be adapted to work with other types of microcontrollers. This library is based on the one from Adafruit but with some functions removed, modified and others added. The interface needs 4 microcontroller pins and it uses SPI for communication.

There are many GUI elements that can be created and above are a few examples such as: selectable menus, scrollbars, checkboxes and animated icons.

Contents:

• Wiring the ST7735 TFT Display
• ST7735 Library
• Initialization function and types of ST7735 modules
• The Colors
• The Cursor and the Coordinate System
• Clearing the display
• Text Functions
• Setting the font family
• Making the font bold
• Creating your own custom fonts
• Display Text
• Display a single character
• Set the font size
• Set the font color
• Display Numbers
• Aligning Elements on Screen
• Text alignment
• Set text boundaries
• Print text on the next line
• Get text width
• Get text height
• Get position of a line of text
• Get cursor position
• Set cursor position
• Get display width and height
• Get last pixel coordinate
• Drawing Primitive Shapes
• Drawing pixels
• Lines
• Rectangles
• Circles
• Triangles
• Line thickness
• Bitmap Images and Icons
• RGB Bitmaps on MCU flash memory
• Bitmaps images from memory cards
• Monochrome Bitmaps/Icons
• Creating Monochrome Icons in GIMP for TFT Displays
• Array of Icons - Icon Sets
• Reading data from ST7735 driver
• Extra Functions
• Turn Display On/Off
• Idle Mode
• Sleep Mode
• Backlight On/Off
• Rotate the display
• Invert colors
• Library Configuration
• Basic Code Example
• Download ST7735 Library

Wiring the ST7735 TFT display

It is important to note that the power supply voltage for the ST7735 display driver is maximum 3.3V and same for the other input pins. Some TFT modules include a 3.3V regulator and a voltage level shifter in which case it can be used with 5V microcontrollers, if not some level shifting must be done if the microcontroller is not powered from 3.3V.

ST7735 connection diagram with voltage level shifters and pinout

1 - GND - ground power supply

2 - VCC - 3.3V power supply (minimum 150mA)

3 - SCL - SPI serial clock pin (SCK)

4 - SDA - SPI serial data input/output (MOSI)

Mains short circuit protection, current limiter using incandescent light bulb in series

This is a short circuit protection unit that will limit the current when working with mains voltage in case of a short circuit. It is useful for testing repaired equipment and can also be used to test transformers and light bulbs as a bonus. If a short circuit would to occur all that will happen would be to light up the incandescent light bulb thus protecting the equipment and household wiring.

How to build a mains short circuit protection unit for testing and repairing electrical equipment and transformers

The working principle of this unit is very simple - an incandescent tungsten light bulb is placed in series with the load. If the current draw by the load is small comparative to the bulb's power, the light bulb will not glow and it's resistance will be low. In case of a short circuit the higher current draw will cause the light bulb to heat up and glow and that will increase the resistance of the tungsten filament therefore limiting the current.

When cold the incandescent tungsten filament has a low resistance (~25-50 ohms for a 75W bulb). When mains power is applied to it the filament will get glowing hot and the hotter a metal is the more agitated the electrons are, bouncing everywhere, and so creating the effect of a higher resistance when hot versus when cold.

DAC library for MCP4706, MCP4716, MCP4726 and AVR microcontrollers

This library is intended for the MCP47x6 series of DAC devices that includes MCP4706 (8-bit DAC), MCP4716 (10-bit DAC) and MCP4726 (12-bit DAC). With the included functions you can easily interface the DAC with an AVR microcontroller via I2C or TWI and write or read it's memory without the need to learn it's protocol. 

This library makes use of the I2C, TWI library that can be downloaded from down below. If you want to know more about it visit I2C and TWI library for AVR.

MCP47x6 DAC pinout

1 - VOUT: this is the DAC analog output voltage. In Normal mode, the DC impedance of the output pin is about 1Ω. In Power-Down mode, the output pin is internally connected to a known pull-down resistor of 1 kΩ, 125 kΩ, or 640 kΩ. The VOUT pin can drive up to 100 pF of capacitive load in parallel with a 5 kΩ resistive load. It is recommended to use a load with RL greater than 5 kΩ. Driving large capacitive loads can cause stability problems for voltage feedback op amps.

I2C and TWI (Two Wire Interface) library for AVR microcontrollers

In the last article I talked about How I2C and TWI protocol works and we saw that they are mostly the same so this library works for both I2C and TWI serial interfaces. You don't have to know every detail about how the I2C protocol works but I strongly recommend reading the article to have a general idea about it, and that way it will be easier to use this library.

At the moment only the Master mode is implemented.

Using the I2C, TWI library with an AVR microcontroller

Setting the library file

As always, first include the library file:

#include "twi.h"

Most AVR microcontrollers have two TWI modules TWI0 and TWI1 so to choose between the two there is the following line of code:

#define TWI_MODULE_NUMBER	0 // TWI module 0 or 1

The default module is TWI0.

Functions

void TWI_Init(void)

Used to initialize the TWI module. This will set the TWI bit rate at 400kHz and enable global  interrupts. 400kHz is the maximum TWI speed that regular AVR microcontrollers supports.

How the I2C and TWI (Two Wire Interface) protocol works

I²C is a two-wire serial bus communication protocol invented by Phillips in 1982. TWI stands for Two Wire Interface and, for the most part, this bus is identical to I²C. The name TWI was introduced by Atmel and other companies to avoid conflicts with trademark issues related to I²C. Because these two protocols are almost the same I will refer to them interchangeably throughout the course of this article.

This protocol is very used nowadays by all sorts of devices such as DACs, LCDs, sensors, etc. so it's worth learning about it.

As a disclaimer I need to mention that most parts of this article contains fragments from the ATmega328, 324 datasheet and MCP4706 datasheet. I liked how they explained the I2C, TWI protocol  and since not many people read the datasheets I want to share this information with anyone interested in the TWI protocol.

If you're interested in a I2C, TWI library it can be found at this link I2C, TWI library.

Features

• 7-bit Address Space Allows up to 128 Different Slave Addresses
• Multi-master Arbitration Support
• General call addressing

The I2C interface specifies different communication bit rates. These are referred to as Standard, Fast or HighSpeed modes.

• Standard mode: bit rates up to 100 kbit/s
• Fast mode: bit rates up to 400 kbit/s
• High-Speed mode (HS mode): bit rates up to 3.4 Mbit/s

High-Speed mode is currently unsupported by the TWI.

Table of Contents

• Two-Wire Serial Interface Bus
• TWI Terminology
• Data Transfer and Frame Format
• START and STOP Conditions
• Address Packet Format
• Data Packet Format
• Combining Address and Data Packets into a Transmission
• Multi-master Bus Systems, Arbitration, and Synchronization
• SCL Synchronization Between Multiple Masters
• Arbitration Between Two Masters
• Practical I2C example 1: Writing data to MCP4706 DAC device
• Practical I2C example 2: Reading data from MCP4706 DAC device
  

 

Two-Wire Serial Interface Bus

The TWI protocol is able to interconnect up to 128 different devices using only two bidirectional bus lines: one for clock (SCL) and one for data (SDA). The only external hardware needed to implement the bus is a single pull-up resistor for each of the TWI bus lines. All devices connected to the bus have individual addresses, and mechanisms for resolving bus contention are inherent in the TWI protocol.

TWI Bus Interconnection

The number of devices that can be connected to the bus is only limited by the bus capacitance limit of 400pF and the 7-bit slave address space. The SCL and SDA pins are open-drain configurations. For this reason these pins require a pull-up resistor.

Bluetooth Stereo Audio Receiver JDY-62 module and the Bluetooth 4.0 CSR dongle transmitter

There are many solutions for streaming audio from your computer to Bluetooth devices. One affordable Bluetooth transmitter/receiver pair is presented here. With these two Bluetooth modules, streaming audio from PC is very easy.

JDY-62 is an affordable Bluetooth stereo audio receiver module with great sound qualities for the price provided the ground connection is properly made (more on this later). To send audio from PC to the JDY-62 module I have used the Bluetooth 4.0 CSR dongle transmitter that works well on Windows 10 and acts like a sound card that you can select in the media player.

JDY-62 module pinout